SWAP Bibliography
This reference resource provides a list of SWAP publications with links to downloadable PDFs. Publications are listed in reverse chronological order by publication year. To search this page, press Ctrl-F (Windows PCs) or Cmd-F (Macs).
Featured
Shedler, J., Marin-Avellan, L., Shechter, O., Fonagy, P., Karson, M., Lang E. (2023) Breaking the ceiling on risk assessment: Dispositional Indicators of Risk Exposure (DIRE) Scale. Managing Insider Risk and Organizational Resiliency (MIROR) Journal, 1, 1, 77-100.
Shedler, J. (2022a). The personality syndromes. In R. Feinstein (Ed.), Personality Disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shedler, J., (2022b). Integrating clinical and empirical approaches to personality: The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP). In R.E. Feinstein (Ed.), Personality Disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Westen, D., Shedler, J., Bradley, B., & DeFife, J.A. (2012). An empirically derived taxonomy for personality diagnosis: Bridging science and practice in conceptualizing personality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(3), 273-284.
Russ, E., Bradley, R., Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2008). Refining the construct of narcissistic personality disorder: Diagnostic criteria and subtypes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1473-1481.
Lingiardi, V., Shedler, J., Gazillo, F. (2006). Assessing personality change in psychotherapy with the SWAP-200: A case study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86, 23-32.
All Publications
Shedler, J., Marin-Avellan, L., Schechter, O., Fonagy, P., Karson, M., Lang E. (2023) Breaking the ceiling on risk assessment: Dispositional Indicators of Risk Exposure (DIRE) Scale. The Managing Insider Risk and Organizational Resilience (MIROR) Journal, 1, 1, 77-100.
Shedler, J. (2022a). The personality syndromes. In R. Feinstein (Ed.), Personality Disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shedler, J., (2022b). Integrating clinical and empirical approaches to personality: The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP). In R.E. Feinstein (Ed.), Personality Disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smits, P.G., Rambelje, K.P., Rinne, T., Van Der Heijden, P.T. Kempes, M.M., & Egger, J. (2021). Personality assessment with the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 in a forensic sample: criterion validity and contribution to structured forensic clinical judgement. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/14789949.2021.1903066.
Rost, L., Luyten, P., Fearon, P, & Fonagy, P. (2019). Personality and outcome in individuals with treatment-resistant depression—Exploring differential treatment effects in the Tavistock Adult Depression Study (TADS). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87, 433-445.
McWilliams, N. & Shedler, J. (2017). Personality Syndromes. In V. Lingiardi & N. McWilliams (Eds.), Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual-2 (PDM-2). NY: Guilford Press. New York: Routledge.
Cogan, R. & Porcerelli, J.H. (2016). Psychoanalytic treatment in adults: A longitudinal study of change. New York: Routledge.
Drill, R., Nakash, O., DeFife, J.A., Westen, D. (2015). Assessment of clinical information: Comparison of the validity of a structured clinical interview (the SCID) and the Clinical Diagnostic Interview. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203, 459-462.
Shedler, J. (2015). Integrating clinical and empirical perspectives on personality: The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP). In SK Huprich, (Ed.), Personality Disorders: Toward Theoretical and Empirical Integration in Diagnosis and Assessment. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Kivisto, A.J., Berman A., Watson, M., Gruber, D. & Paul, H. (2015). North American psychologists’ experiences of stalking, threatening, and harassing behavior: A survey of ABPP diplomates. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 46, 277–286.
Colli A., Tanzilli, A., Dimaggio, G., Lingiardi, V. (2014). Patient personality and therapist response: An empirical investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 102-108.
DeFife, J.A., Haggerty, G., Smith, S.W., Betancourt, L., Ahmed, Z., Ditkowski, K. (2014). Clinical validity of prototype personality ratings in adolescents. Journal of Personality Assessment, 0, 1-7. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2014.979493
Marin-Avellan, L.E, McGauley, G.A., Campbell, C.D., Fonagy, P. (2014). The validity and clinical utility of structured diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder with forensic patients. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28(4), 500-517. doi: 10.1521/pedi_2014_28_129
Westen, D., DeFife, J.A., Malone, J.C., & DiLallo, J. (2014). An empirically derived classification of adolescent personality disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53, 528-549.
Westen, D., Waller, N., Shedler, J., & Blagov, P. (2014). Dimensions of personality and personality pathology: Factor structure of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-II (SWAP-II). Journal of Personality Disorders, 28, 281-318. doi: 10.1521/pedi_2012_26_059
DeFife, J.A., Malone, J.C., DiLallo, J., & Westen, D. (2013). Assessing adolescent personality disorders with the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure for Adolescents. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 20, 393-407.
Huprich, S.K., DeFife, J. & Westen D. (2013). Refining a complex diagnostic construct: Subtyping dysthymia with the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-II. Journal of Affective Disorders, 186-192, 152-154, 186-192. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.09.008
Blagov, B., Bi, W., Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2012). The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Evaluating psychometric questions about its reliability, validity, and fixed score distribution. Assessment, 19(3), 370-382. doi: 10.1177/1073191112436667
Westen, D., Shedler, J., Bradley, B., & DeFife, J.A. (2012). An empirically derived taxonomy for personality diagnosis: Bridging science and practice in conceptualizing personality. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(3), 273-284. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020274
Dunlop, B.W., Binder, E.B., Cubelles, J.F., Goodman, M.G., Kelley, M.E., Kinkead, B., Kutner, M., Nemeroff, C.B., Newport, D.J., Owens, M.J., Pace, T.W., Ritchie, J.C., Aponte-Rivera, V., Westen, D., Craighead, W.E., & Mayberg, H.S. (2012). Predictors of remission in depression to individual and combined treatments (PReDICT): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 13(106). doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-13-106
Blagov, P., Patrick, C.J., Lilienfeld, S.O., Powrs, A., Phifer, J.E., Venables, N., Hudak, M., Herres, D.J., Lieb, K., Leigh, S.C., Cooper, G. (2011). Personality constellations in incarcerated psychopathic men. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, Treatment, 2(4), 293-315. doi: 10.1037/a0023908
Cross, D., Westen, D., & Bradley, B. (2011). Personality subtypes of adolescents who attempt suicide. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(10), 750-756. (doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31822fcd38).
DeFife, J.A., & Westen, D. (2012). Empirically-informed clinical interviewing for personality disorders. In R. Levy, S. Ablon, & H. Kächele (Eds.), Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Research: Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence (pp. 553-569). New York, NY: Springer. (doi: 10.1007/978-1-60761-792-1_31).
Fowler, K.A., & Westen, D. (2011). Subtyping male perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(4), 607-639. (doi: 10.1177/0886260510365853).
Hinrichs, J., DeFife, J.A., & Westen, D. (2011). Personality subtypes in adolescent and adult children of alcoholics: A two-part study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(7), 487-498. (doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182214268).
Lang, E. & Shecter, O. (2011). Improved assessment of personality disorders that are security risks. Paper presented at the International Applied Military Psychology Symposium (IAMPS), Vienna, Austria, May 25, 2011.
Lehmann, M. E., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2011). Evaluating psychological insight in a clinical sample using the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199(5), 354-359.
Malone, J.C., Westen, D., & Levendosky, A.A. (2011). Personalities of adults with traumatic childhood separations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(12), 1-24. (doi: 10.1002/jclp.20844).
Powers, A., & Westen, D. (2011). Personality subtypes in adolescents with panic disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 16(4), 551-565. (doi: 10.1177/1359104510387572)
Shecter, O. & Lang, E. (2011). Identifying personality disorders that are security risks: Field test results. Defense Personnel Security Research Center (PERSEREC), Technical Report TR 11-05.
Westen, D., DeFife, J.A., Bradley, B., & Hilsenroth, M.J. (2010). Prototype personality diagnosis in clinical practice: A viable alternative for DSM-5 and ICD-11. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41(6), 482-487.
DeFife, J.A., Drill, R., Nakash, O., & Westen, D. (2010). Agreement between clinician and patient ratings of adaptive functioning and developmental history. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(12), 1472-1478.
Shedler, J., Beck, A., Fonagy, P., Gabbard, G.O., Gunderson, J., Kernberg, O., Michels, R. & Westen, D. (2010). Personality disorders in DSM-5. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(9), 1026-1028.
Jones, M., & Westen, D. (2010). Diagnosis and subtypes of adolescent antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 24(2), 217-243.
Shedler, J., and Westen, D. (2010). The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure: Making personality diagnosis clinically meaningful. In J. F. Clarkin, P. Fonagy, & G. O. Gabbard (Eds.), Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Personality Disorders (pp. 125-161). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Ortigo, K. M., Bradley, B., and Westen, D. (2010). An empirically based prototype diagnostic system for DSM-V and ICD-11. In T. Millon, R. F. Krueger, & E. Simonsen (Eds.), Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology: Scientific Foundations of the DSM-V and ICD-11 (pp. 374-390). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Ortigo, K. M., Bradley, B., & Westen, D. (2009). Personality subtypes of suicidal adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(9), 687-694.
Powers, A., & Westen, D. (2009). Personality subtypes in patients with panic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50(2), 164-172.
Rottman, B.M., Ahn, W..K., Sanislow, C.A. (2009). Can clinicians recognize DSM-IV personality disorders from Five-Factor Model descriptions of patient cases? American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 427-433.
Russ, E., Bradley, R., Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2008). Refining the construct of narcissistic personality disorder: Diagnostic criteria and subtypes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1473-1481.
Taubner, S., Stumpe, A., Kächele, H. (2009). Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200): Eine neue Sprache der Persönlich¬keitsdiagnostik und der Messung struktureller Veränderungen? Psychotherapeut, 54, 27-36.
Betan, E., & Westen, D. (2009). Countertransference and personality pathology: Development and clinical application of the Countertransference Questionnaire. In R. Levy & J. Ablon (Eds.), Handbook of Evidence-Based Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Bridging the Gap Between Science and Practice (Vol. 1, pp. 179-200). New York: Springer.
DiLallo, J.J., Jones, M., & Westen, D. (2009) Personality subtypes in disruptive adolescent males. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 15-23.
Blagov, P.S. & Westen, D. (2008). Questioning the coherence of Histrionic Personality Disorder: Borderline and hysterical subtypes in adults and adolescents. Journal of Mental and Nervous Disease, 196, 785-797.
Smith, S.W., Hilsenroth, M.J., & Bornstein, R.F. (2008). Convergent validity of the SWAP-200 Dependency Scales. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 613-618.
Spitzer, R.L., First, M.B., Shedler, J.S., Westen, D., & Skodol, A. (2008). Clinical utility of five dimensional systems for personality diagnosis: A “consumer preference” study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 356-374.
Thompson-Brenner, H., Eddy, K.T., Satir, D.A., Boisseau, C.L., & Westen, D. (2008). Personality subtypes in adolescents with eating disorders: validation of a classification approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 170–180.
Spitzer, R.L., First, M.B., Shedler, J., Westen, D., & Skodal, A.E. (2008). Clinical utility of five dimensional systems for personality diagnosis: a “consumer preference” study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 356-374.
Cogan, R. (2007). Therapeutic aims and outcomes of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 24(2), 193-207.
Blagov, P., & Westen, D. (2007). Under the axis II radar: Clinically relevant personality constellations that escape DSM-IV diagnosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 477-483.
Bradley, R., Conklin, C.Z., & Westen, D. (2007). Borderline personality disorder. In O’Donohue, W., Fowler, K., & Lilienfeld, S. (Eds.), Sage Handbook of Personality Disorders. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Bradley, R., Hilsenroth, M., Guarnaccia, C., & Westen, D. (2007). Relationship between clinician assessment and self-assessment of personality disorders using the SWAP-200 and PAI, Psychological Assessment, 19, 225-229.
Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2007). The Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Making personality diagnosis clinically meaningful. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81, 41–55.
Westen, D., & Shedler, J. (2007). Personality diagnosis with the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Integrating clinical and statistical measurement and prediction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 810-822.
Höflich, A., Rasting, M., Mach, J., Pless, S., Danckworth, S., Reimer, C., & Beutel, M.E. (2007). German version of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200) for the dimensional assessment of personality disorders. GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine, 4, Doc02. (Electronic publishing: http://www.egms.de/en/journals/psm/2007-4/psm000034.shtml)
Porcerelli, JH., Dauphin, V. B., Ablon, J. S., Leitman, S., Bambery, M. (2007). Psychoanalysis with avoidant personality disorder: a systematic case study. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 44, 1, 1-13.
Bambery, M. & Porcerelli, JH. (2006). Psychodynamic therapy for oppositional defiant disorder: changes in personality, object relations, and adaptive function after six months of treatment. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 54(4):1334-1339.
Bradley, R., Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2006). Is the appendix a useful appendage? An empirical examination of depressive, passive-aggressive (negativistic), sadistic, and self-defeating personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20, 524-540.
Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2006). The psychodynamics of borderline personality disorder: A view from developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 927-957.
Layne, J. & Porcerelli, J. H., & Shahar, G. (2006). Psychotherapy of self-criticism in a case of mixed anaclitic-introjective depression. Clinical Case Studies, 5, 421-436.
Lingiardi, V., Shedler, J., Gazillo, F. (2006). Assessing personality change in psychotherapy with the SWAP-200: A case study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86, 23-32.
Shedler, J. & Westen, D. (2006). Personality diagnosis with the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Bridging the gulf between science and practice. In PDM Task Force (Ed.), Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations.
Stice, E., Peart, J., Thompson-Brenner, H., Martinez , E., & Westen, D. (2006). Eating disorders. In F Andrasik (Ed), Comprehensive Handbook of Personality and Psychopathology, Vol. 2, Adult psychopathology. (pp. 389-408). Hoboken , New Jersey : Wiley.
Westen, D. (2006). Commentary on Trull: Drizzling on the 5±3 factor parade: A response to Trull. In T. Widiger & E. Simonson (Eds.), Dimensional models of personality disorder: Refining the research agenda for DSM-V (pp. 189-194). Washington , D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
Westen, D., Gabbard, G., & Blagov, P. (2006). Back to the future: Personality structure as a context for psychopathology. In R.F. Krueger & J.L.Tackett (Eds.), Personality and psychopathology (pp.335-384). New York: Guilford.
Westen, D., & Muderrisoglu, S. (2006). Clinical assessment of pathological personality traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1285-1297.
Westen, D., Thompson-Brenner, H., & Peart, J. (2006). Personality and eating disorders. Annual Review of Eating Disorders, 2, 97-112.
Westen, D., Shedler, J, & Bradley, R. (2006). A prototype approach to personality diagnosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 846-856.
Bradley, R., Heim, A., Westen, D. (2005). Personality constellations in patients with a history of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 769-780.
Bradley, R., Jenei, J. &, Westen, D. (2005). Etiology of borderline personality disorder: Disentangling the contributions of intercorrelated antecedents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 25-31.
Bradley, R., & Westen, D. (2005). The psychodynamics of borderline personality disorder: A view from developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 927-957.
Bradley, R., Zittel Conklin, C., & Westen, D. (2005). The borderline personality diagnosis in adolescence: gender differences and subtypes. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1006-1019.
Cogan R. & Porcerelli, J.H. (2005). Clinician reports of personality pathology of patients beginning and patients ending psychoanalysis. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 78(2), 235-248.
Cogan, R. & Porcerelli, J. (2005). Changes in personality during the first 6 months of analysis using a clinician Q-sort measure: A preliminary report. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 53, 31-33.
Durrett, C., & Westen, D. (2005). The structure of Axis II disorders in adolescents: a cluster- and factor-analytic investigation of DSM-IV categoris and criteria. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 440-461.
Heim, A., & Westen, D. (2005). Theories of personality and personality disorders. In J. Oldham, A. Skodol, & D. Bender (Eds.), Textbook of Personality Disorders (pp.17-34). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
Marin-Avallen L, McGauley G, Campbell C and Fonagy P. (2005). Using the SWAP-200 in a personality-disordered forensic population; is it valid, reliable and useful? Journal of Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 15, (No 1), 28-45.
Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2005). A simplistic view of the Five Factor Model: Drs. Shedler and Westen reply. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1551.
Thompson-Brenner, H. & Westen, D. (2005). A naturalistic study of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa, Part 1: Comorbidity and treatment outcome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 573-584.
Thompson-Brenner, H. & Westen, D. (2005). A naturalistic study of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa, Part 2: Therapeutic interventions and outcome in the community. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 585-595.
Thompson-Brenner, H., & Westen, D. (2005). Personality subtypes in eating disorders: Validation of a classification in a naturalistic sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 516-524.
Westen, D., & Bradley, R.G. (2005). Prototype diagnosis of personality. In S. Strack (Ed.) Handbook of Personology and Psychopathology (pp. 238-256). New York: Wiley.
Westen, D., Dutra, L., & Shedler, J. (2005). Assessing adolescent personality pathology. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 227-238.
Westen, D., & Weinberger, J. (2005). In praise of clinical judgment: Meehl’s forgotten legacy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 1257-1276.
Zittel, C., & Westen, D. (2005). Borderline personality disorder in clinical practice. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162: 867-875.
Cogan, R. and Porcerelli, J.H. (2004). Personality pathology, adaptive functioning, and strengths at the beginning and end of Psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 52, 1230-1231.
Diener, M., & Hilsenroth M. (2004). Multimethod validity assessment of the SWAP-200 dysphoric Q-factor. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 192, 7, 479-486.
Eddy, K., Novotny, C., & Westen, D. (2004). Sexuality, personality, and eating disorders. Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 12, 198-208.
Josephs, L., Anderson E., Bernard, A., Fatzer, K., & Streich, J. (2004). Assessing progress in analysis interminable. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 52(4), 1185-1214.
Porcerelli, J, Cogan, R, & Hibbard, S. (2004). Personality characteristics of partner violent men: A Q-sort approach. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18, 151-162.
Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2004). Dimensions of personality pathology: An alternative to the Five Factor Model. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1743-1754.
Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (2004). Refining personality disorder diagnoses: Integrating science and practice. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1-16.
Westen, D., & Weinberger, J. (2004). When clinical description becomes statistical prediction. American Psychologist, 59, 595–613.
Westen, D., & Heim, A.K. (2003). Disturbances of Self and identity in personality disorders. In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity (pp. 643-664). New York: Guilford Press.
Westen, D., & Muderrisoglu, S. (2003). Assessing personality disorders using a systematic clinical interview: Evaluation of an alternative to structured interviews. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 351-369.
Westen, D., Shedler, J., Durrett, C., Glass, S., & Martens, A. (2003). Personality diagnoses in adolescence: DSM-IV Axis II diagnoses and an empirically derived alternative. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 952-966.
Westen, D., Shedler, J., Lingiardi, V. (2003). La Valutazione della Personalità con la SWAP-200. Milan, Italy: Raffaello Cortina.
Shedler, J. (2002). A new language for psychoanalytic diagnosis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 50/2, 429-456.
Westen, D., Heim, A.K., Morrison, K., Patterson, M., & Campbell, L. (2002). Simpifying diagnosis using a prototype-matching approach: Implications for the next edition of the DSM. In L. Beutler & M. Malik (Eds.), Rethinking the DSM: A Psychological Perspective (pp.221-250). Washington, D.C.: APA Press.
Westen, D. & Harnden-Fischer, J. (2001). Personality profiles in eating disorders: Rethinking the distinction between axis I and axis II. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(4), 547-562.
Shedler, J. (2000). A new language for psychoanalytic research. Psychologist-Psychoanalyst, 20, 30-37.
Westen, D., & Chang, C.M. (2000). Personality pathology in adolescence: a review. Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 61-100.
Westen, D., & Shedler, J. (2000). A prototype matching approach to personality disorders: Toward DSM-V. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 109-126.
Westen, D., & Gabbard, G. (1999). Psychoanalytic approaches to personality. In L. Pervin & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research (pp. 57-101). New York: Guilford Press.
Westen, D., Feit, A., & Zittel, C. (1999). Methodological issues in research using projective techniques. In P.C. Kendall, J.N. Butcher, & G. Holmbeck (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology, 2nd ed. (pp.224-240). New York: Wiley.
Westen, D., & Shedler, J. (1999a). Revising and assessing Axis II, Part 1: Developing a clinically and empirically valid assessment method. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 258-272.
Westen, D., & Shedler, J. (1999b). Revising and assessing Axis II, Part 2: Toward an empirically based and clinically useful classification of personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 273-285.
Shedler, J., & Westen, D. (1998). Refining the measurement of Axis II: A Q-sort procedure for assessing personality pathology. Assessment, 5, 335-355.